PROVOLONE: the PROVenance Ontology for Linked Open pipeliNEs
Project Documentation
Models Items
18
                        
                                    Digital Object
                                
                                    Digital Reading  - Labeling
                                
                                    Digital Reading - Data Analysis
                                
                                    Digital Reading - Data Transformation
                                
                                    Digital Reading - Model Training
                                
                                    Digital Reading - Prediction
                                
                                    Enrichment - Attributed Dimension
                                
                                    Enrichment - Classification
                                
                                    Enrichment - GeoReferencing - Creation Place
                                
                                    Enrichment - GeoReferencing - Generic
                                
                                    Enrichment - Image Segmentation - by Referent Classification
                                
                                    Enrichment - Similarity
                                
                                    Group
                                
                                    Person
                                
                                    Place
                                
                                    Project
                                
                                    Service
                                
                                    Software
                                
                    
                PROVOLONE: the PROVenance Ontology for Linked Open pipeliNEs
Models
      
      
        Digital Object
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        The digital object that is consumed/generated/used by a digital reading pipeline.
This is a minimal model for tracking basic metadata. To model full digital object information see Linked.Art or SRDM 2.0 digital object semantic data models.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - The BSO image `zbz-990102318630205508`
- The `prediction.csv` output file generated by the BSO classification pipeline 
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  digital_object
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.7
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Enrichment - Similarity
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        The computed similarity between two digital objects (e.g. images, texts, etc.) belonging to the same type.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - The atttribution of a similarity score of 87.7% between image `cms-182741` and image `cms-132259`, as returned by the GTA SPARQL API.
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  enrichment_similarity
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.11
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Digital Reading - Data Analysis
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        The extraction of information from a digital object carried out by analysing the object itself.  
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - The extraction of color scheme information from images
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  digital_reading_data_analysis
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.6
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Digital Reading  - Labeling
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        The creation of a manually labelled dataset with the purpose of training and/or evaluating a machine learning model to perform a given task. 
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - The labelling of BSO images for the image classification task.
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  digital_reading_labeling
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.2
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Enrichment - GeoReferencing - Generic
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        The attribution of a place which is somehow referenced or evoked by the image.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  enrichment_geo_referencing_generic
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.18
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Service
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        Any hosted service used in a digital reading pipeline. Example of services: APIs to perform NLP or CV tasks, platforms where computations can be run (e.g. JupyterLab), or applications for data labelling.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - The hosting of a SPARQL API by SARI to expose a service for computing image similarity 
- The OpenAI API to expose various Large Language Models (LLMs)
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  service
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:19.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.1
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Person
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        An individual actor participating in a digital reading project. 
This is a minimal model for tracking basic metadata. To model full person information see Linked.Art or SRDM 2.0 person semantic data models.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - The annotator of images in the BSO project. 
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  person
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.8
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Software
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        The software model enables the documentation of digital objects that are designed to be executed by a computing device and provide an algorithm for it to execute some function(s).
This is a minimal model for tracking basic metadata. 
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  software
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.17
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Enrichment - Attributed Dimension
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        A calculated dimension of an image produced through automated analysis. For example, a detected colour.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  Colour attribution example
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  enrichment_attributed_dimension
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.14
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Group
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        A group of individuals participating in a digital reading project. 
This is a minimal model for tracking basic metadata. To model full group information see Linked.Art or SRDM 2.0 group semantic data models.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - The team at SARI/UZH (considered as a group).
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  group
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.9
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Project
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        A project is the context within which a digital reading pipeline is created and implemented.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - The BSO pipeline for image classification was developed as part of the Bilder der Schweiz Online (BSO) project.
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  project
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.15
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Digital Reading - Data Transformation
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        The transformation of a collection of data into a derivative format. 
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - The conversion of BSO images from TIFF to PNG format
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  digital_reading_data_transformation
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.5
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Enrichment - Image Segmentation - by Referent Classification
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        A model for documenting the referential status of an image segment created via a calculated computing process.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  enrichment_image_segmentation_by_referent_classification
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.19
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Place
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        A place in the sense of a geographic area, typically projected on earth (although not necessarily, could be relative to any body). The typical function of this model is to document a place which an image or digital object is linked to either through a referential connection or through a provenance (origin of image) connection. 
This is a minimal model for tracking basic metadata. To model full place information see Linked.Art or SRDM 2.0 place semantic data models.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  place
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.16
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Digital Reading - Prediction
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        The prediction made by a statistical machine learning model on unseen data.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - Image classification of BSO images 
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  digital_reading_prediction
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.4
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Enrichment - Classification
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        The classification status of a digital object (e.g. image, text, etc.) according to a pre-defined taxonomy.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - The attribution of the classification label `landscape` to BSO image `zbz-990102318630205508` with a confidence of 0.099732 
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  enrichment_classification
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.10
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Digital Reading - Model Training
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        The training of a machine learning statistical model for performing a given task, typically by means of a manually labelled dataset. 
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  - The fine-tuning of a Resnet50 model for image classification by using xyz labelled images as training data
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  digital_reading_model_training
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.3
                
              
            
          
      
      
        Enrichment - GeoReferencing - Creation Place
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
  
        The attribution of a place where the image was created to a digital object.
      
      
    Examples:
            
              
                
                  BSO place attribution for location of creation
                
              
            
          System Name:
            
              
                
                  enrichment_geo_referencing_creation_place
                
              
            
          Version:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Version Date:
            
              
                
                  —
                
              
            
          Last Modified:
            
              
                
                  2025-07-30T10:41:22.000Z
                
              
            
          Author:
            
              
                
                  George Bruseker, Veselina Kalkandzhieva
                
              
            
          Funder:
            
              
                
                  SARI, Swiss Universities
                
              
            
          Funding Project:
            
              
                
                  ordea
                
              
            
          Ontology:
            
              
                
                  crmpe_3.1.1, rdfs_1.1, crm_7.1.3, aaao_2.0, la_0.9, crmdig_4.0
                
              
            
          Project:
            
              
                
                  provolone
                
              
            
          URI:
            
              
                
                  http://takin.solutions/space/provolone/composite/PROM.13